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Test sensitivity and specificity vary widely among the many tests reported for the serologic diagnosis of schistosomiasis and depend on the type of antigen preparations used (crude, purified, adult worm, egg, cercarial) and the test procedure.
It is found in Africa and the Middle East. It is the major agent of schistosomiasis, the most prevalent parasitic infection in humans. [1] It is the only blood fluke that infects the urinary tract, causing urinary schistosomiasis, and is a leading cause of bladder cancer (only next to tobacco smoking). [2] [3] The diseases are caused by the eggs.
As of 2012 commercial serological tests have included ELISA and an indirect immunofluorescence test, hampered by a low sensitivity ranging from 21% to 71%. [24] Exposure to any Schistosoma eggs or cercariae can cause false positive serological test results for individual Schistosoma species, unless highly specific antigens are used.
Schistosoma is a genus of trematodes, commonly known as blood flukes.They are parasitic flatworms responsible for a highly significant group of infections in humans termed schistosomiasis, which is considered by the World Health Organization to be the second-most socioeconomically devastating parasitic disease (after malaria), infecting millions worldwide.
Clinical symptoms are caused by the eggs. As the leading cause of schistosomiasis in the world, it is the most prevalent parasite in humans. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease. As of 2021, the World Health Organization reports that 251.4 million people have schistosomiasis and most of it is due to S. mansoni. [1]
Serologic surveys for schistosomiasis due to S. malayensis indicate of 3.9% prevalence in rural populations. [6] It was unsuccessful at adapting to human host. Infected rodents are often found near snail habitats. [6] Infections in humans are unlikely and are considered rare.
Schistosomiasis caused by trematodes of the genus Schistosoma: [13] As of 2005, praziquantel is the primary treatment for human schistosomiasis, for which it is usually effective in a single dose. [14] Clonorchiasis brought on by the Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis [15]
Schistosoma japonicum is an important parasite and one of the major infectious agents of schistosomiasis.This parasite has a very wide host range, infecting at least 31 species of wild mammals, including nine carnivores, 16 rodents, one primate (human), two insectivores and three artiodactyls and therefore it can be considered a true zoonosis.