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Intravenous or intramuscular oxytocin is the drug of choice for postpartum hemorrhage. [20] [21] Ergotamine may also be used. [2] Oxytocin helps the uterus to contract quickly and the contractions to last longer. [22] It is the first line treatment for PPH when its cause is the uterus not contracting well. [23]
Uterine atony. Uterine atony is the failure of the uterus to contract adequately following delivery. Contraction of the uterine muscles during labor compresses the blood vessels and slows flow, which helps prevent hemorrhage and facilitates coagulation. Therefore, a lack of uterine muscle contraction can lead to an acute hemorrhage, as the ...
Postpartum period. The postpartum (or postnatal) period begins after childbirth and is typically considered to last for six weeks. [1] There are three distinct phases of the postnatal period; the acute phase, lasting for six to twelve hours after birth; the subacute phase, lasting six weeks; and the delayed phase, lasting up to six months.
Other definitions of excessive postpartum bleeding are hemodynamic instability, drop of hemoglobin of more than 10%, [12] or requiring blood transfusion. In the literature, primary postpartum hemorrhage is defined as uncontrolled bleeding that occurs in the first 24 hours after delivery while secondary hemorrhage occurs between 24 hours and six ...
Fetal-maternal haemorrhage is the loss of fetal blood cells into the maternal circulation. It takes place in normal pregnancies as well as when there are obstetric or trauma related complications to pregnancy. Normally the maternal circulation and the fetal circulation are kept from direct contact with each other, with gas and nutrient exchange ...
A retained placenta is commonly a cause of postpartum haemorrhage, both primary and secondary. [1] Retained placenta is generally defined as a placenta that has not undergone placental expulsion within 30 minutes of the baby’s birth where the third stage of labor has been managed actively. [2]
0.5% of pregnancies [5] Placenta praevia is when the placenta attaches inside the uterus but in a position near or over the cervical opening. [1] Symptoms include vaginal bleeding in the second half of pregnancy. [1] The bleeding is bright red and tends not to be associated with pain. [1]
Uterine balloon tamponade. Uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) is a non-surgical method of treating refractory postpartum hemorrhage. Once postpartum hemorrhage has been identified and medical management given (including agents such as uterotonics and tranexamic acid), UBT may be employed to tamponade uterine bleeding without the need to pursue ...