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If the actual size of the disk exceeds the maximum partition size representable using the legacy 32-bit LBA entries in the MBR partition table, the recorded size of this partition is clipped at the maximum, thereby ignoring the rest of the disk. This amounts to a maximum reported size of 2 TiB, assuming a disk with 512 bytes per sector (see 512e).
Since the end of 2009, disk drives employing 4096-byte sectors (4Kn or Advanced Format) have been available, although the size of the sector for some of these drives was still reported as 512 bytes to the host system through conversion in the hard-drive firmware and referred to as 512 emulation drives .
To reduce the overhead of managing on-disk data structures, the filesystem does not allocate individual disk sectors by default, but contiguous groups of sectors, called clusters. On a disk that uses 512-byte sectors, a 512-byte cluster contains one sector, whereas a 4- kibibyte ( KiB ) cluster contains eight sectors.
LBA = (C × HPC + H) × SPT + (S − 1) where C, H and S are the cylinder number, the head number, and the sector number; LBA is the logical block address; HPC is the maximum number of heads per cylinder (reported by disk drive, typically 16 for 28-bit LBA) SPT is the maximum number of sectors per track (reported by disk drive, typically 63 for ...
Common floppy disk formats, logical characteristics by platform Platform Size Density Sides Tracks/ side Sectors/ track Bytes/ sector Sectoring Capacity rpm Encoding Note Acorn: 5 1 ⁄ 4 inch Single 1 40 10 256 soft 100 kB 300 FM 80 200 kB Double 1 40 16 256 160 kB MFM 80 320 kB 2 640 kB 3 1 ⁄ 2 inch Double 2 80 16 256 640 kB 300 MFM
A BIOS boot partition is needed on GPT-partitioned storage devices to hold the second stages of GRUB. On traditional MBR-partitioned devices, the disk sectors immediately following the first are usually unused, as the partitioning scheme does not designate them for any special purpose and partitioning tools avoid them for alignment purposes. On ...
With the standard hard disk sector size of 512 bytes, this gives a maximum of 32 KB cluster size, thereby fixing the "definitive" limit for the FAT16 partition size at 2 GB for sector size 512. On magneto-optical media, which can have 1 or 2 KB sectors instead of 0.5 KB, this size limit is proportionally larger.
When GRUB is installed on a hard disk, boot.img is written into the boot sector of that hard disk. boot.img has a size of only 446 bytes. A boot sector is the sector of a persistent data storage device (e.g., hard disk , floppy disk , optical disc , etc.) which contains machine code to be loaded into random-access memory (RAM) and then executed ...