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  2. Lothar Meyer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Meyer

    Julius Lothar Meyer (19 August 1830 – 11 April 1895) was a German chemist. He was one of the pioneers in developing the earliest versions of the periodic table of the chemical elements . The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev (his chief rival) and he had both worked with Robert Bunsen .

  3. Equal-loudness contour - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour

    The first research on the topic of how the ear hears different frequencies at different levels was conducted by Fletcher and Munson in 1933. Until recently, it was common to see the term Fletcher–Munson used to refer to equal-loudness contours generally, even though a re-determination was carried out by Robinson and Dadson in 1956, which became the basis for an ISO 226 standard.

  4. Inelastic mean free path - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inelastic_mean_free_path

    Universal curve for the electron inelastic mean free path in elements based on equation (5) in. [1] If a monochromatic , primary beam of electrons is incident on a solid surface, the majority of incident electrons lose their energy because they interact strongly with matter , leading to plasmon excitation, electron-hole pair formation, and ...

  5. Modularity theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity_theorem

    The modularity of an elliptic curve E of conductor N can be expressed also by saying that there is a non-constant rational map defined over ℚ, from the modular curve X 0 (N) to E. In particular, the points of E can be parametrized by modular functions. For example, a modular parametrization of the curve y 2 − y = x 3 − x is given by [18]

  6. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

    It is named after the mathematician Lothar Collatz, who introduced the idea in 1937, two years after receiving his doctorate. [4] The sequence of numbers involved is sometimes referred to as the hailstone sequence , hailstone numbers or hailstone numerals (because the values are usually subject to multiple descents and ascents like hailstones ...

  7. Sensitometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitometry

    At the top of the diagram we see that an original scene is fed from the television camera during a live transmission via a video transmitter having a gamma value of 0.4. Since the cathode-ray tube in the domestic receiver has an effective gamma value of 2.5, the final screen picture will be at a gamma of 1.0—equal to the original scene.

  8. Diatomic molecule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomic_molecule

    A space-filling model of the diatomic molecule dinitrogen, N 2. Diatomic molecules (from Greek di- 'two') are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements.

  9. Prandtl–Meyer function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prandtl–Meyer_function

    In aerodynamics, the Prandtl–Meyer function describes the angle through which a flow turns isentropically from sonic velocity (M=1) to a Mach (M) number greater than 1. The maximum angle through which a sonic ( M = 1) flow can be turned around a convex corner is calculated for M = ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } .