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NSAIDs may reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics. An in-vitro study on cultured bacteria found that adding NSAIDs to antibiotics reduced their effectiveness by around 20%. [120] The concomitant use of NSAIDs with alcohol and/or tobacco products significantly increases the already elevated risk of peptic ulcers during NSAID therapy.
This phenomenon is called "ion trapping". The phenomenon of ion trapping is particularly prominent in the stomach as pH at the stomach mucosa layer is extremely acidic, while the parietal cells are more alkaline. Therefore, indometacin are trapped inside the parietal cells in ionized form, damaging the stomach cells, causing stomach irritation.
Common side effects include dizziness, headache, bruising, allergic reactions, heartburn, and stomach pain. [8] Severe side effects include an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, gastrointestinal bleeding, and stomach ulcers. [8] The heart disease risk may be lower than with other NSAIDs. [8] It is not recommended in people with kidney ...
The cause of the cardiovascular problems became, and remains, a subject of intensive research. [29] As of 2012 results have been converging on the hypothesis that the adverse cardiovascular effects are most likely due to inhibition of COX-2 in blood vessels , which leads to a decrease in the production of prostacyclin in them.
Prostaglandin inhibitors are drugs that inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin in human body. [1] There are various types of prostaglandins responsible for different physiological reactions such as maintaining the blood flow in stomach and kidney, regulating the contraction of involuntary muscles and blood vessels, and act as a mediator of inflammation and pain.
DeCoste explains that there are two primary causes of stomach ulcers. One is due to high dose or continued use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications , such as ibuprofen, naproxen or aspirin.
Long-term use of NSAIDs can cause gastric erosions, which can become stomach ulcers and in extreme cases can cause severe haemorrhage, resulting in death. The risk of death as a result of GI bleeding caused by the use of NSAIDs is 1 in 12,000 for adults aged 16–45. [5] The risk increases almost twentyfold for those over 75. [5]
Magnesium salicylate is a common analgesic [1] and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) [2] used to treat mild to moderate musculoskeletal pain [3] such as in tendons and muscles. [citation needed] It is also used to treat joint pain like arthritis, [2] [3] general back pain, [4] and headaches. [citation needed]