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Peripheral artery disease (PAD), or limb ischemia, affects the femoral, popliteal, or iliac arteries. [17] PAD is caused by atherosclerotic plaques that occlude blood flow to extremities. [ 5 ] Once blood flow is impeded, ischemic muscle cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism to cope with oxygen scarcity.
Peripheral artery disease most commonly affects the legs, but other arteries may also be involved, such as those of the arms, neck, or kidneys. [4] [17] Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a form of peripheral vascular disease. Vascular refers to the arteries and veins within the body. PAD differs from peripheral veinous disease. PAD means the ...
Treatment may include physical therapy or, if that fails, surgery. [1] ACS is an emergency, and outcome largely depends on the time to diagnosis and treatment. [12] If treated within 3 hours, the prognosis is favorable. [12] Complications and permanent damage can occur. [13] ACS occurs in about 1-10% of those with a tibial shaft fracture. [6]
The underlying mechanism may involve bleeding, inflammation, or insufficient space for the fat pad. [2] This may occur as a result of trauma or surgery to the knee. [1] Diagnosis may be supported by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). [2] Treatment is generally by steroid injections and physical therapy.
Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) occurs when there is a sudden lack of blood flow to a limb [1] within 14 days of symptoms onset. [2] On the other hand, when the symptoms exceed 14 days, [3] it is called critical limb ischemia (CLI).
Vascular surgeons are experts in the diagnosis, medical management, endovascular and open surgical treatment of PAD. [20] A vascular surgeon may diagnose PAD using a combination of history, physical exam and medical imaging. Medical imaging may include ankle-brachial index, doppler ultrasonography and computed tomography angiography, among others.
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The McKenzie method is a technique primarily used in physical therapy.It was developed in the late 1950s by New Zealand physiotherapist Robin McKenzie. [1] [2] [3] In 1981 he launched the concept which he called "Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT)" – a system encompassing assessment, diagnosis and treatment for the spine and extremities.