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Qualitative research is a type of research that aims to gather and analyse non-numerical (descriptive) data in order to gain an understanding of individuals' social reality, including understanding their attitudes, beliefs, and motivation.
Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify N items into C mutually exclusive categories. The definition of is =, where p o is the relative observed agreement among raters, and p e is the hypothetical probability of chance agreement, using the observed data to calculate the probabilities of each observer randomly selecting each category.
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Contrary to Tau-b, Tau-c can be equal to +1 or -1 for non-square (i.e. rectangular) contingency tables, [15] [16] i.e. when the underlying scale of both variables have different number of possible values. For instance, if the variable X has a continuous uniform distribution between 0 and 100 and Y is a dichotomous variable equal to 1 if X ≥ ...
Correspondence analysis is performed on the data table, conceived as matrix C of size m × n where m is the number of rows and n is the number of columns. In the following mathematical description of the method capital letters in italics refer to a matrix while letters in italics refer to vectors .
In statistics, particularly in hypothesis testing, the Hotelling's T-squared distribution (T 2), proposed by Harold Hotelling, [1] is a multivariate probability distribution that is tightly related to the F-distribution and is most notable for arising as the distribution of a set of sample statistics that are natural generalizations of the statistics underlying the Student's t-distribution.
Content validity is different from face validity, which refers not to what the test actually measures, but to what it superficially appears to measure.Face validity assesses whether the test "looks valid" to the examinees who take it, the administrative personnel who decide on its use, and other technically untrained observers.
Quantitative research using statistical methods starts with the collection of data, based on the hypothesis or theory. Usually a big sample of data is collected – this would require verification, validation and recording before the analysis can take place. Software packages such as SPSS and R are typically used for this purpose. Causal ...