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Unlike backward vertical integration, which serves to reduce costs of production, forward vertical integration allows a company to decrease its costs of distribution. This includes avoiding paying taxes for exchanges between stages in the chain of production, bypassing other price regulations, and removing the need for intermediary markets.
Backward Integration This is a process by which a company acquires another company that produces the raw material or the ancillaries which are used by the former. This type of takeover guarantees, to a certain extent, an uninterrupted supply of raw materials and components at fair prices. Bear Hug It is used in takeover situations. It is an ...
Examples for tapered integration are (1) Tim Hortons owning some of its retail outlets but also using franchising, (2) Coca-Cola and Pepsi both having integrated bottling subsidiaries while also relying on independent bottlers for production and distribution in some markets, or (3) BMW which uses both in-house market research from its Corporate Center Development and external market research ...
In compilers, backward compatibility may refer to the ability of a compiler for a newer version of the language to accept source code of programs or data that worked under the previous version. [8] A data format is said to be backward compatible when a newer version of the program can open it without errors just like its predecessor. [9]
The Tupolev Tu-4, a Soviet bomber built by reverse engineering captured Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. Reverse engineering (also known as backwards engineering or back engineering) is a process or method through which one attempts to understand through deductive reasoning how a previously made device, process, system, or piece of software accomplishes a task with very little (if any) insight ...
Requirements traceability is a sub-discipline of requirements management within software development and systems engineering.Traceability as a general term is defined by the IEEE Systems and Software Engineering Vocabulary [1] as (1) the degree to which a relationship can be established between two or more products of the development process, especially products having a predecessor-successor ...
Forward compatibility or upward compatibility is a design characteristic that allows a system to accept input intended for a later version of itself. The concept can be applied to entire systems, electrical interfaces , telecommunication signals , data communication protocols , file formats , and programming languages .
A vertical merger occurs when two firms combine across the value chain, such as when a firm buys a former supplier (backward integration) or a former customer (forward integration). When there is no strategic relatedness between an acquiring firm and its target, this is called a conglomerate merger (Douma & Schreuder, 2013).