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Symptoms usually include one or more of the following: orthopnea (difficulty breathing while lying flat), dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion, pitting edema (swelling), cough, frequent night-time urination, excessive weight gain during the last month of pregnancy (1-2+ kg/week; two to four or more pounds per week), palpitations (sensation of racing heart-rate, skipping beats, long pauses ...
A mammary souffle is a maternal cardiac murmur heard over the breasts. [citation needed] A mammary souffle is present in late pregnancy or during lactation. [4] It is a benign continuous heart sound, which disappear after lactation. It's supposed to arise from superficial arteries supplying the lactating breast and for that reason called a ...
Hypokalemia is a low level of potassium (K +) in the blood serum. [1] Mild low potassium does not typically cause symptoms. [3] Symptoms may include feeling tired, leg cramps, weakness, and constipation. [1] Low potassium also increases the risk of an abnormal heart rhythm, which is often too slow and can cause cardiac arrest. [1] [3]
The diagnosis of hypokalemia (not enough potassium) can be suspected when there is a history of diarrhoea or malnutrition. Loop diuretics may also contribute. The electrocardiogram may show flattening of T waves and prominent U waves. Hypokalemia is an important cause of acquired long QT syndrome, and may predispose the patient to torsades de ...
Hypercoagulability in pregnancy likely evolved to protect women from hemorrhage at the time of miscarriage or childbirth. In developing countries, the leading cause of maternal death is still hemorrhage. [25] In the United States 2011-2013, hemorrhage made up of 11.4% and pulmonary embolisms made up of 9.2% of all pregnancy-related deaths. [26]
Sometimes, heart murmurs disappear on their own. This happens when the cause of the heart murmur is no longer present. Monitoring will help determine how the condition changes. [1] It may stay the same, worsen, or improve. In other cases, the condition causing the heart murmur may not prompt any further tests.
Episodes of bluish color to the skin, difficulty breathing, heart murmur, finger clubbing [2] Complications: Irregular heart rate, pulmonary regurgitation [3] Usual onset: From birth [4] Causes: Unknown [5] Risk factors: Alcohol, diabetes, >40, rubella during pregnancy [5] Diagnostic method: Based on symptoms, echocardiogram [6] Differential ...
Treatment of this condition is very similar to treatment of non-gravid heart failure patients, however, safety of the fetus must be prioritized. For example, for anticoagulation due to increased risk for thromboembolism, low molecular weight heparin which is safe for use during pregnancy is used instead of warfarin which crosses the placenta. [37]