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A parasympathomimetic drug, sometimes called a cholinomimetic drug [1] or cholinergic receptor stimulating agent, [2] is a substance that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS).
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
Molecules with a polar surface area of greater than 140 angstroms squared (Å 2) tend to be poor at permeating cell membranes. [1] For molecules to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (and thus act on receptors in the central nervous system ), a PSA less than 90 Å 2 is usually needed.
Agents in common clinical use include: [1] [2] Prostaglandin analogs; Parasympathomimetic (miotic) agents, including cholinergic and anticholinesterase agents; Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (oral and topical)
The formation of non-lamellar phases is significant in biomedical studies which include drug delivery, the transport of polar and non-polar ions using solvents capable of penetrating the biomembrane, increasing the elasticity of the biomembrane when it is being disrupted by unwanted substances (viruses, bacteria, solvents, etc.) and functioning ...
Polar molecules must contain one or more polar bonds due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms. Molecules containing polar bonds have no molecular polarity if the bond dipoles cancel each other out by symmetry. Polar molecules interact through dipole-dipole intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonds.
NPH insulin is cloudy and has an onset of 1–3 hours. Its peak is 6–8 hours and its duration is up to 24 hours. [9]It has an intermediate duration of action, meaning longer than that of regular and rapid-acting insulin, and shorter than long acting insulins (ultralente, glargine or detemir).
Pramlintide has been approved on 3/16/2005 by the FDA, for use by type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients who use insulin. [6] (subscription required) Pramlintide allows patients to use less insulin, lowers average blood sugar levels, and substantially reduces what otherwise would be a large unhealthy rise in blood sugar that occurs in diabetics right after eating.