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[12]: 12–14 A changing economy also brought poverty, which led to raiding and the founding of the Civil Guard. Education reforms in the 1860s expanded access to higher education. [10]: 144 The 19th century also saw further attempts to establish control of the mountain tribes of the interior, although success remained limited.
The Katipunan under Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898. [117] Aguinaldo proclaimed a revolutionary government, and convened a congress that approved the Malolos Constitution, inaugurating the First Philippine Republic. [40]: 123 Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in 1898. [118]
The types of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines have varied throughout the country's history, from heads of ancient chiefdoms, kingdoms and sultanates in the pre-colonial period, to the leaders of Spanish, American, and Japanese colonial governments, until the directly elected president of the modern sovereign state of the Philippines.
After the World War II Japanese invasion in 1941 and subsequent occupation of the Philippines, the United States and Philippine Commonwealth military completed the recapture of the Philippines after Japan's surrender and spent nearly a year dealing with Japanese troops who were not aware of the war's end, [3] leading up to U.S. recognition of ...
However, on May 12, 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28 proclaiming June 12, 1962, as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 changed the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 and renamed the July 4 holiday as Philippine Republic Day .
President Quezon was invited by President Roosevelt to join the Pacific War Council, and was asked to sign the United Nations Pact for the Philippines; in doing so, Quezon became a signatory of the Atlantic Charter. [12] Representing the Philippine Government, on June 14, 1942, President Quezon signed the Declaration by United Nations of ...
Philippine President Quezon led a twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act. The result was the Philippines Independence Act, more popularly known as the "Tydings–McDuffie Act", of 1934, which was ratified by the Philippine Senate. The law provided for the granting of Philippine independence by 1946.
In the Philippines, this is characterized by continuous and increasing levels of debt and budget deficits, though there were improvements in the last few years of the first decade of the 21st century. [2] The Philippine government's main source of revenue are taxes, with some non-tax revenue also being collected. To finance fiscal deficit and ...