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Parental alienation is a theorized process through which a child becomes estranged from one parent as the result of the psychological manipulation of another parent. [1] [2] The child's estrangement may manifest itself as fear, disrespect or hostility toward the distant parent, and may extend to additional relatives or parties.
Parental alienation syndrome is a term coined by child psychiatrist Richard A. Gardner drawing upon his clinical experiences in the early 1980s. [2] [3] The concept of one parent attempting to separate their child from the other parent as punishment or part of a divorce have been described since at least the 1940s, [8] [9] but Gardner was the first to define a specific syndrome.
Richard Alan Gardner (April 28, 1931 – May 25, 2003) was an American child psychiatrist known for his work in psychotherapy with children, parental alienation and child custody evaluations. [2]
Family Courts should give more weight to allegations of domestic abuse than to claims of so called "parental alienation", it says
Whilst father's absence mainly results from parental divorce and separation, [3] [4] including parental alienation, ... Evolutionary life-history theory postulates ...
Jean Mercer is an American developmental psychologist and professor emerita of psychology at Stockton University.Founder of the advocacy group Advocates for Children in Therapy, she is known as an advocate for adopted children and those who come from the foster care system, and as an outspoken critic of attachment therapy.
The theory by British anthropologist Robin Dunbar asserts humans can only handle about 150 relationships at one time and only about 5 close loved ones.
Then, in theory, if you’re avoiding eating past a certain time, you’re probably going to avoid consuming extra calories that can come from snacks and meals later in the day, Callins says.