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Australia and South Africa adopted OBE policies from the 1990s to the mid 2000s, but were abandoned in the face of substantial community opposition. [2] [3] The United States has had an OBE program in place since 1994 that has been adapted over the years. [4] [5] In 2005, Hong Kong adopted an outcome-based approach for its universities. [6]
Medical education applies theories of pedagogy specifically in the context of medical education. Medical education has been a leader in the field of evidence-based education, through the development of evidence syntheses such as the Best Evidence Medical Education collection, formed in 1999, which aimed to "move from opinion-based education to evidence-based education". [2]
Spady coined the term outcome-based education in 1988 as an extension of the works completed by John Franklin Bobbitt and Ralph W. Tyler. [6] In his conceptualization, Spady described OBE as the reorientation in educational system towards what is essential for all students to be successful at the end of their learning experiences. [7]
A common framework used when analysing medical ethics is the "four principles" approach postulated by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in their textbook Principles of Biomedical Ethics. It recognizes four basic moral principles, which are to be judged and weighed against each other, with attention given to the scope of their application.
every 4 hours quaque quarta hora q.6.h., q6h every 6 hours quaque sexta hora q.8.h., q8h every 8 hours quaque octava hora q.a.m., qAM, qam every morning: quaque ante meridiem q.d., qd every day / daily quaque die q.h.s., qhs every night at bedtime quaque hora somni q.d.s, qds, QDS 4 times a day quater die sumendum q.i.d, qid 4 times a day
[1] [40] In 2005, Eddy offered an umbrella definition for the two branches of EBM: "Evidence-based medicine is a set of principles and methods intended to ensure that to the greatest extent possible, medical decisions, guidelines, and other types of policies are based on and consistent with good evidence of effectiveness and benefit." [41]
A set of knowledge within a profession or subject area which is generally agreed as both essential and generally known (Oliver 2012). [1] A body of knowledge is the accepted ontology for a specific domain. A BOK is more than simply a collection of terms; a professional reading list; a library; a website or a collection of websites; a ...
Levine's objective was to find a new and effective method for teaching nursing degree students major concepts and patient care. [2] She wanted her students to provide individualized and responsive patient care, that was less focused on medical procedures, and more on the individual patient's context.