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In organic chemistry, peroxyacyl nitrates (also known as Acyl peroxy nitrates, APN or PANs) are powerful respiratory and eye irritants present in photochemical smog. They are nitrates produced in the thermal equilibrium between organic peroxy radicals by the gas -phase oxidation of a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or by aldehydes ...
Nitrates used in agricultural fertilizers may leak into the ground and may contaminate well water. The current EPA standard of 10 ppm nitrate-nitrogen for drinking water is specifically set to protect infants. [13] Benzocaine applied to the gums or throat (as commonly used in baby teething gels, or sore throat lozenges) can cause methemoglobinemia.
The classic symptoms of untreated coeliac disease include diarrhea, steatorrhoea, iron-deficiency anemia, and weight loss or failure to gain weight. Other common symptoms may be subtle or primarily occur in organs other than the bowel itself. [34] It is also possible to have coeliac disease without any of the classic symptoms at all. [18]
Reported symptoms of NCGS are similar to those of celiac disease, [30] [31] with most patients reporting both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms. [29] [32] In the "classical" presentation of NCGS, gastrointestinal symptoms are similar to those of irritable bowel syndrome, and are also not distinguishable from those of wheat allergy, but there is a different interval between ...
Sodium nitrite acts as an antioxidant in a mechanism similar to the one responsible for the coloring effect. [20] Nitrite reacts with heme proteins and metal ions, neutralizing free radicals by nitric oxide (one of its byproducts). [20] Neutralization of these free radicals terminates the cycle of lipid oxidation that leads to rancidity. [20]
In the NO − 3 anion, the oxidation state of the central nitrogen atom is V (+5). This corresponds to the highest possible oxidation number of nitrogen. Nitrate is a potentially powerful oxidizer as evidenced by its explosive behaviour at high temperature when it is detonated in ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3), or black powder, ignited by the shock wave of a primary explosive.
Nitre, or potassium nitrate, because of its early and global use and production, has many names. As for nitrate, Egyptian and Hebrew words for it had the consonants n-t-r, indicating likely cognation in the Greek nitron, which was Latinised to nitrum or nitrium. Thence Old French had niter and Middle English nitre.
Most side effects are direct consequences of the vasodilation and the resultant low blood pressure. They include headache ("nitrate headache") resulting from the widening of blood vessels in the brain, reflex tachycardia (fast heart rate), flush, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. These effects usually subside after a few days if the treatment is ...