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Tetrodotoxin binds to what is known as site 1 of the fast voltage-gated sodium channel. [26] Site 1 is located at the extracellular pore opening of the ion channel. Any molecule bound to this site will block sodium ions from going into the nerve cell through this channel (which is ultimately necessary for nerve conduction).
The standard treatment is to support the respiratory and circulatory systems until the poison is metabolized and excreted by the victim's body. [9] Researchers have determined that a fugu's tetrodotoxin comes from eating other animals infested with tetrodotoxin-laden bacteria, to which the fish develops insensitivity over time. [10]
While chiri is much more likely to cause death, sashimi fugu often causes intoxication, light-headedness, and numbness of the lips. [25] Pufferfish tetrodotoxin deadens the tongue and lips, and induces dizziness and vomiting, followed by numbness and prickling over the body, rapid heart rate, decreased blood pressure, and muscle paralysis.
The skin, liver, gonads, and intestines of the map puffer should not be consumed, as they contain high concentrations of the tetrodotoxin. [5] Specialized training is required to prepare a puffer fish containing tetrodotoxin for consumption, as to not contaminate the edible flesh with tetrodotoxin contained within the fish’s skin and organs.
Vibrio alginolyticus is a Gram-negative marine bacterium. [1] [2] It is medically important since it causes otitis and wound infection. [1]It is also present in the bodies of animals such as pufferfish, where it is responsible for the production of the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin.
Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis is a marine bacterium isolated from the surface slime of the puffer fish. It secretes the neurotoxin , tetrodotoxin . [ 2 ] It was originally described in 1990 as Alteromonas tetraodonis but was reclassified in 2001 to the genus Pseudoalteromonas .
Species of puffer fish (the family Tetraodontidae) are the most poisonous in the world, and the second most poisonous vertebrate after the golden dart frog.The active substance, tetrodotoxin, found in the internal organs and sometimes also the skin, paralyzes the diaphragm muscles of human victims, who can die from suffocation.
The toxin found in C. valentini as well as in other pufferfish species is one of the most potent naturally occurring toxins. [10] It is a neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin present in the skin and other tissues of C. valentini. It is lethal to many species of fish, thus making C. valentini unpalatable to predators. [11]