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Primary needs are defined by Murray [1] as needs involving some biological process and arise in response to certain stimuli or events that drive the body towards a certain outcome ('positive' or 'negative'). For example, dehydration would trigger a "need for water", which in turn drives a person to seek out and intake water.
A closely related issue is whether motivational processes are mechanistic and run automatically or have a more complex nature involving cognitive processes and active decision-making. Another discussion revolves around the topic of whether the primary sources of motivation are internal needs rather than external goals. [122]
Content theories of motivation often describe a system of needs that motivate peoples' actions. While process theories of motivation attempt to explain how and why our motivations affect our behaviors, content theories of motivation attempt to define what those motives or needs are.
Maslow proposed his hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in the journal Psychological Review. [1] The theory is a classification system intended to reflect the universal needs of society as its base, then proceeding to more acquired emotions. [18]
Motivational interviewers in this situation are trained to use processes like rolling with resistance which reduces a client's need to repeat and reframe their own sustain talk. Additionally Motivational Interviewing adapts to this stage by adapting the *change target*.
McClelland's research showed that 86% of the population are dominant in one, two, or all three of these three types of motivation. His subsequent research, published in the 1977 Harvard Business Review article "Power is the Great Motivator", found that those in top management positions had a high need for power and a low need for affiliation ...
c. Need to categorize (passive, internal) d. Need for objectification (passive, external) Cognitive Growth Motives a. Need for Autonomy (active, internal) b. Need for Stimulation (active, external) c. Teleological Need (passive, internal) d. Utilitarian Need (passive, external) Affective Preservation Motives a. Need for Tension Reduction b.
Process theories are important in management and software engineering. [3] Process theories are used to explain how decisions are made [4] how software is designed [5] [6] and how software processes are improved. [7] Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories.