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The perfect passive is usually made with the perfect participle combined with sum, e.g. missus sum 'I was sent, I have been sent', ductus sum 'I was led, I have been led'. Some perfect tenses have an irregular stem, for example sum, fuī 'I am', eō, īvī 'I go', ferō, tulī 'I bring, I bear', tollō, sustulī 'I raise, I remove'.
The perfect passive and perfect deponent can be used like an English perfect tense, describing a present state resulting from an earlier event: [111] passer mortuus est meae puellae (Catullus) [112] 'my girlfriend's pet sparrow is dead / has died' The negative of the perfect often has the meaning 'has not yet done': nōndum satis cōnstituī ...
Latin verbs have six basic tenses in the indicative mood. Three of these are based on the present stem (e.g. dūc- ) and three on the perfect stem (e.g. dūx- ). In addition, there are four tenses in the subjunctive mood, and two in the imperative.
Completions and adaptions: The paradigms 'imperative indirect active', 'imperative indirect passive', 'supine genitive', 'supine dative' are not present in this dictionary because they are rare in the Classical Period, however they are accounted for in Grammar books and articles. The paradigms for 'supine accusative' and 'supine ablative' are ...
If the verb in an apodosis is a future perfect tense in direct speech, it cannot be expressed using an active verb, but it is possible to use or deponent or passive perfect participle with fore: [159] hoc possum dīcere, mē satis adeptum fore, sī nūllum in mē perīculum redundārit (Cicero) [160]
the first person singular of the perfect indicative active; the supine or, in some grammars, the perfect passive participle, which uses the same stem. (Texts that list the perfect passive participle use the future active participle for intransitive verbs.) Some verbs lack this principal part altogether.
In Latin, most verbs have four principal parts.For example, the verb for "to carry" is given as portō – portāre – portāvī – portātum, where portō is the first-person singular present active indicative ("I carry"), portāre is the present active infinitive ("to carry"), portāvī is the first-person singular perfect active indicative ("I carried"), and portātum is the neuter supine.
In Latin, the pluperfect (plus quam perfectum) is formed without an auxiliary verb in the active voice, and with an auxiliary verb plus the perfect passive participle in the passive voice. For example, in the indicative mood: Pecuniam mercatori dederat. ("He had given money to the merchant"; active) Pecunia mercatori datus erat.