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Genetics of aging is generally concerned with life extension associated with genetic alterations, rather than with accelerated aging diseases leading to reduction in lifespan. The first mutation found to increase longevity in an animal was the age-1 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans .
The two theories; non-adaptive, and adaptive, are used to explain the evolution of senescence, which is the decline in reproduction with age. [8] The non-adaptive theory assumes that the evolutionary deterioration of human age occurs as a result of accumulation of deleterious mutations in the germline. [8]
Genetic theories of aging propose that aging is programmed within each individual's genes. According to this theory, genes dictate cellular longevity. Programmed cell death, or apoptosis , is determined by a "biological clock" via genetic information in the nucleus of the cell.
All evolutionary theories of aging rest on the basic mechanisms that the force of natural selection declines with age. [19] [20] Mechanistic theories of aging can be divided into theories that propose aging is programmed, and damage accumulation theories, i.e. those that propose aging to be caused by specific molecular changes occurring over time.
Hayflick interpreted his discovery to be aging at the cellular level. The aging of cell populations appears to correlate with the overall physical aging of an organism. [3] [4] Macfarlane Burnet coined the name "Hayflick limit" in his book Intrinsic Mutagenesis: A Genetic Approach to Ageing, published in 1974. [5]
Magalhães believes, at least in theory, that humans can have radical interventions that rewrite genetic software and redesign human biology “to delay or even reverse aging. In practice, it is ...
The DNA damage theory of aging proposes that aging is a consequence of unrepaired accumulation of naturally occurring DNA damage. Damage in this context is a DNA alteration that has an abnormal structure. Although both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage can contribute to aging, nuclear DNA is the main subject of this analysis.
Ageing (or aging in American English) is the process of becoming older until death. The term refers mainly to humans , many other animals , and fungi; whereas for example, bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially biologically immortal .