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Here, 1 / 2 σ μν and F μν stand for the Lorentz group generators in the Dirac space, and the electromagnetic tensor respectively, while A μ is the electromagnetic four-potential. An example for such a particle [9] is the spin 1 / 2 companion to spin 3 / 2 in the D (½,1) ⊕ D (1,½) representation space of the ...
calculation of () Radial distribution function for the Lennard-Jones model fluid at =, =.. In statistical mechanics, the radial distribution function, (or pair correlation function) () in a system of particles (atoms, molecules, colloids, etc.), describes how density varies as a function of distance from a reference particle.
In general relativity, a point mass deflects a light ray with impact parameter by an angle approximately equal to α ^ = 4 G M c 2 b {\displaystyle {\hat {\alpha }}={\frac {4GM}{c^{2}b}}} where G is the gravitational constant , M the mass of the deflecting object and c the speed of light .
^ Density derived from the mass divided by the volume. ^ Surface gravity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: Gm/r 2. ^ Escape velocity derived from the mass m, the gravitational constant G and the radius r: √ (2Gm)/r.
Young's modulus per density; specific stiffness (10 6 m 2 s −2) Young's modulus per density squared (10 3 m 5 kg −1 s −2) Young's modulus per density cubed (m 8 kg −2 s −2) Reference Latex foam, low density, 10% compression [4] 5.9 × 10 ^ −7: 0.06: 9.83 × 10 ^ −6: 0.000164: 0.00273: Reversible Assembled Cellular Composite ...
Using the number density as a function of spatial coordinates, the total number of objects N in the entire volume V can be calculated as = (,,), where dV = dx dy dz is a volume element. If each object possesses the same mass m 0 , the total mass m of all the objects in the volume V can be expressed as m = ∭ V m 0 n ( x , y , z ) d V ...
Distribution functions may also feature non-isotropic temperatures, in which each term in the exponent is divided by a different temperature. Plasma theories such as magnetohydrodynamics may assume the particles to be in thermodynamic equilibrium. In this case, the distribution function is Maxwellian. This distribution function allows fluid ...
In celestial mechanics, the specific relative angular momentum (often denoted or ) of a body is the angular momentum of that body divided by its mass. [1] In the case of two orbiting bodies it is the vector product of their relative position and relative linear momentum, divided by the mass of the body in question.