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Exocytosis (/ ˌ ɛ k s oʊ s aɪ ˈ t oʊ s ɪ s / [1] [2]) is a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins) out of the cell (exo-+ cytosis). As an active transport mechanism, exocytosis requires the use of energy to transport material.
There are two types of exocytosis: Constitutive secretion and Regulated secretion. In both of these types, a vesicle buds from the Golgi Apparatus and is shuttled to the plasma membrane, to be exocytosed from cell. Exocytosis of lysosomes commonly serves to repair damaged areas of the plasma membrane by replenishing the lipid bilayer. [5]
When a vesicle is produced inside the cell and fuses with the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space, this process is known as exocytosis. In the reverse process, a region of the cell membrane will dimple inwards and eventually pinch off, enclosing a portion of the extracellular fluid to transport it into the cell.
When an action potential propagates down the motor neuron axon and arrives at the axon terminal, it causes a depolarization of the axon terminal and opens calcium channels. This causes the release of the neurotransmitters via vesicle exocytosis. After exocytosis, vesicles are recycled during a process known as the synaptic vesicle cycle.
The vesicle exocytosis is thought to be driven by a protein complex called SNARE, that is the target for botulinum toxins. Once released, a neurotransmitter enters the synapse and encounters receptors. Neurotransmitter receptors can either be ionotropic or g protein coupled.
Caleb Kasner and his brother Duncan Kasner move around a little differently than average kids. The two brothers have Duchenne muscular dystrophy — a rare, inherited muscle-wasting disorder that ...
Works led by Robert Bowser and Daniel TerBush in 1992 and 1995 respectively isolated Sec6p and Sec8p, showing them to participate in a complex of at least eight proteins, found at the site of active exocytosis. [2] [3] [4] In 1996, the same group identified the exocyst member proteins in yeast and coined the name "exocyst" for the complex. [2] [5]
“To be told your stage was so high, it felt like a death sentence,” says Pardue, who began a six-week course of chemotherapy in August, before transitioning to radiotherapy and brachytherapy ...