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Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood. The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein . Normal human adult blood should contain 7 to 18 mg/dL (0.388 to 1 mmol/L) of urea nitrogen. [ 1 ]
In medicine, the urea-to-creatinine ratio (UCR [1]), known in the United States as BUN-to-creatinine ratio, is the ratio of the blood levels of urea (mmol/L) and creatinine (Cr) (μmol/L). BUN only reflects the nitrogen content of urea (MW 28) and urea measurement reflects the whole of the molecule (MW 60), urea is just over twice BUN (60/28 ...
0.5-1.5% total Hb smokers, 1-2 packs/day 4-5% total Hb smokers, 2 packs/day 8-9% total Hb toxic >20% total Hb lethal >50% total Hb Carcinoembryonic antigen <2.5 × 10 −9: beta-Carotene: Vitamin A dimer 3-25 × 10 −7: Carotenoids: Antioxidant 2.4-23.1 × 10 −7: Cephalin: 3-11.5 × 10 −4: 0-1 × 10 −4: Ceruloplasmin: 1.5-6 × 10 −4 ...
Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are: [3] All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma) All values in Hematology – white blood cells; Platelet count (Plt) A few values are for inside red blood cells only: Vitamin B 9 (folic acid/folate) in red blood ...
Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood.. Although symptoms vary based on which side of the heart is affected, HF typically presents with shortness of breath, excessive fatigue, and bilateral leg swelling. [3]
Measurements of urea and creatinine (Cr) in the blood are used to assess renal function. For historical reasons, the lab test measuring urea is known as "blood urea nitrogen" (BUN) in the US. The BUN:Cr ratio is a useful measure in determining the type of azotemia and will be discussed in each section below.
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - Also measured using a BMP or CMP, blood urea nitrogen is an indicator of how much nitrogen is in the blood at the time of the phlebotomy. The kidney is responsible for excreting nitrogenous substances in the urine, so an elevated BUN usually indicates that the kidney is not functioning appropriately.
The strongest predictors of an upper gastrointestinal bleed are black stool, age <50 years, and blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio 30 or more. [8] [9] The diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is assumed when hematemesis (vomiting of blood) is observed. [citation needed]