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In the Lindahl model, if SS’ is the supply curve of state services it is assumed that production of social goods is linear and homogenous. DDa is the demand curve of taxpayer A, and DDb is the demand curve of taxpayer B. The Horizontal summation of the two demand curves results in the community’s total demand schedule for state services.
The law of demand, however, only makes a qualitative statement in the sense that it describes the direction of change in the amount of quantity demanded but not the magnitude of change. The law of demand is represented by a graph called the demand curve, with quantity demanded on the x-axis and price on the y-axis. Demand curves are downward ...
In theory, Lindahl pricing and taxation leads to an efficient provision of public goods. However, it requires the knowledge of the demand functions for each individual, and therefore is difficult to implement in practice. There are three main problems with the implementation of a Lindahl tax.
A government facing the same information constraints as the private individuals in the economy can nevertheless find Pareto-improving policy interventions. [ 34 ] Greenwald and Stiglitz noted several relevant situations, including how moral hazard may render a situation inefficient (e.g. an alcohol tax may be pareto improving as it reduces ...
The Ramsey problem, or Ramsey pricing, or Ramsey–Boiteux pricing, is a second-best policy problem concerning what prices a public monopoly should charge for the various products it sells in order to maximize social welfare (the sum of producer and consumer surplus) while earning enough revenue to cover its fixed costs.
The importance of the term 'effective demand' to Keynesian Economics in general is shown in the fourth paragraph of the chapter, where he states that this concept of effective demand, i.e. the intersection of the supply and demand functions, is the "substance of the General Theory" and says that "the succeeding chapters will be largely occupied ...
A major rival to the liquidity preference theory of interest is the time preference theory, to which liquidity preference was actually a response. Because liquidity is effectively the ease at which assets can be converted into currency, liquidity can be considered a more complex term for the amount of time committed in order to convert an asset.
A Giffen good is a product in greater demand when the price increases, which is also a special case of inferior goods. [5] In the extreme case of income inferiority, the size of the income effect overpowers the size of the substitution effect, leading to a positive overall change in demand responding to an increase in the price.