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The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the twelfth cranial nerve, cranial nerve XII, or simply CN XII, is a cranial nerve that innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve. [a] CN XII is a nerve with a sole motor function.
Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem), of which there are conventionally considered twelve pairs.Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck, including the special senses of vision, taste, smell, and hearing.
The lingual nerve supplies general somatic afferent (i.e. general sensory) innervation to the mucous membrane of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue (i.e. body of tongue) (whereas the posterior one-third (i.e. root of tongue) is innervated via the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) [citation needed]), the floor of the oral cavity, and the mandibular/inferior lingual gingiva.
Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve 5) – sensation from the face and certain motor functions such as biting and chewing; Abducens nerve (cranial nerve 6) – certain eye rotation; Facial nerve (cranial nerve 7) – facial expression and taste sensations from the tongue; Vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve 8) – hearing and balance
The lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the taste buds of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and provides general sensation to this same area. The neuron cell bodies whose axons form the nerve, are found in the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve .
The glossopharyngeal nerve (/ ˌ ɡ l ɒ s oʊ f ə ˈ r ɪ n (d) ʒ i ə l,-ˌ f ær ən ˈ dʒ iː ə l / [1]), also known as the ninth cranial nerve, cranial nerve IX, or simply CN IX, [2] is a cranial nerve that exits the brainstem from the sides of the upper medulla, just anterior (closer to the nose) to the vagus nerve.
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Many voluntary movements rely on spinal lower motor neurons, which innervate skeletal muscle fibers and act as a link between upper motor neurons and muscles. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Cranial nerve lower motor neurons also control some voluntary movements of the eyes, face and tongue, and contribute to chewing, swallowing and vocalization. [ 4 ]