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An upper gastrointestinal series, also called a barium swallow, barium study, or barium meal, is a series of radiographs used to examine the gastrointestinal tract for abnormalities. A contrast medium , usually a radiocontrast agent such as barium sulfate mixed with water, is ingested or instilled into the gastrointestinal tract, and X-rays are ...
Barium swallow in nutcracker esophagus is also typically normal, [2] but may provide a definitive diagnosis if contrast is given in tablet or granule form. Studies on endoscopic ultrasound show slight trends toward thickening of the muscularis propria of the esophagus in nutcracker esophagus, but this is not useful in making the diagnosis.
The second part of the FEES protocol involves food, or "bolus" presentation to observe swallow function. [9] Food coloring is typically given in the food to track the food as it travels along the natural pink-colored tissues of the throat. The timing of the swallow and the efficiency of clearing the bolus is assessed along with the ability to ...
Any additional procedures are performed at this stage. The air in the stomach is aspirated before removing the endoscope. Still photographs can be made during the procedure and later shown to the patient to help explain any findings. In its most basic use, the endoscope is used to inspect the internal anatomy of the digestive tract.
A barium swallow exam taken via fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy can be used to examine the digestive system using a substance that is opaque to X-rays (usually barium sulfate or gastrografin), which is introduced into the digestive system either by swallowing or as an enema. This is normally as part of a double-contrast technique, using positive and ...
The pharyngeal swallow is started by the oral phase and subsequently is coordinated by the swallowing center on the medulla oblongata and pons. The reflex is initiated by touch receptors in the pharynx as a bolus of food is pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue, or by stimulation of the palate (palatal reflex).
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The use of barium during pregnancy is safe for the baby; however, X-rays may result in harm. [4] Barium sulfate suspension is typically made by mixing barium sulfate powder with water. [1] It is a non-iodinated contrast media. [5] Barium sulfate has been known since the Middle Ages. [6] In the United States it had come into common medical use ...