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In 1559, the Italian wars between France and Spain ended with the treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis. These wars had nearly bankrupted both countries. [ 43 ] Additionally, the death of Henry II in July 1559 created a political vacuum and an internal struggle for power between rival factions, which the 15-year-old Francis II lacked the ability to control.
began as a religious war; quickly became a French–Habsburg political clash 2,000,000 [47] 4,000,000 [47] French Wars of Religion: France: 1562: 1598: 36 years: Protestants (mainly Reformed) against Catholics: began as a religious war, and largely remained such 315,000 [citation needed] 868,000 (616,000 in Ireland) [48] War of the Three Kingdoms
The War of the Three Henrys [1] (French: Guerre des trois Henri), also known as the Eighth War of Religion [1] (French: Huitième guerre de Religion), took place during 1585–1589, [1] and was the eighth conflict in the series of civil wars in France known as the French Wars of Religion. [1] [a] It was a three-way war fought between:
Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, the leader of the Huguenots. The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day was the culmination of a series of events: The Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, which put an end to the third War of Religion on 8 August 1570.
The Edict of Nantes helped to end the Wars of Religion in France, which had been raging for decades. It also ensured that the Protestant minority in France would have a measure of religious and political freedom, and helped to establish France as a more tolerant and pluralistic society.
While religion remained a divisive political issue in many countries, the Thirty Years' War is arguably the last major European conflict where it was a primary driver. Future religious conflicts were either internal, such as the Camisards revolt in southern France, or relatively minor, like the 1712 Toggenburg War. [204]
The 1787 edict was nonetheless a pivotal step in eliminating religious strife, and it officially ended religious persecution in France. [10] Moreover, when French revolutionary armies invaded other European countries between 1789 and 1815, they followed a consistent policy of emancipating persecuted or circumscribed religious communities (Roman ...
The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629. Cambridge University Press. Knecht, Robert Jean (1989). The French Wars of Religion, 1559–1598. Longman. Lamal, Nina (2016). "Promoting the Catholic Cause on the Italian Peninsula: Printed Avvisi on the Dutch Revolt and the French Wars of Religion, 1562–1600". In Raymond, Joad; Moxham, Noah (eds.).