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  2. Reference ranges for urine tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_urine...

    Measurement Lower limit Upper limit Unit Urinary specific gravity: 1.003 [1] [2]: 1.030 [1] [2]: g/mL Urobilinogen: 0.2 [2]: 1.0 [2]: Ehrlich units or mg/dL : Free catecholamines, dopamine ...

  3. Serum-ascites albumin gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum-ascites_albumin_gradient

    Ideally, the two values should be measured at the same time. This phenomenon is the result of Starling's forces between the fluid of the circulatory system and ascitic fluid. Under normal circumstances the SAAG is < 1.1g/dL (11g/L) because serum oncotic pressure (pulling fluid back into circulation) is exactly counterbalanced by the serum ...

  4. Liver function tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_function_tests

    Albumin is a protein made specifically by the liver, and can be measured cheaply and easily. It is the main constituent of total protein (the remaining constituents are primarily globulins). Albumin levels are decreased in chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis. It is also decreased in nephrotic syndrome, where it

  5. Creatinine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatinine

    Creatinine (/ k r i ˈ æ t ɪ n ɪ n,-ˌ n iː n /; from Ancient Greek κρέας (kréas) ' flesh ') is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate from muscle and protein metabolism. It is released at a constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass).

  6. Protein (nutrient) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)

    This value is known as the "crude protein" content. The use of correct conversion factors is heavily debated, specifically with the introduction of more plant-derived protein products. [20] However, on food labels the protein is calculated by the nitrogen multiplied by 6.25, because the average nitrogen content of proteins is about 16%.

  7. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    About 68% of values drawn from a normal distribution are within one standard deviation σ from the mean; about 95% of the values lie within two standard deviations; and about 99.7% are within three standard deviations. [8] This fact is known as the 68–95–99.7 (empirical) rule, or the 3-sigma rule.

  8. Trimethylaminuria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylaminuria

    Fishy smelling urine is a primary identifying symptom in infant children (Trimethylaminuria literally meaning "trimethylamine in urine"). [ citation needed ] Trimethylamine is also released in the person's sweat, reproductive fluids, and breath, and can give off a fishy odor when the concentration of trimethylamine is high enough to be detected.

  9. Glucose tolerance test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_tolerance_test

    The glucose tolerance test was first described in 1923 by Jerome W. Conn. [4]The test was based on the previous work in 1913 by A. T. B. Jacobson in determining that carbohydrate ingestion results in blood glucose fluctuations, [5] and the premise (named the Staub-Traugott Phenomenon after its first observers H. Staub in 1921 and K. Traugott in 1922) that a normal patient fed glucose will ...