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In economics, factors of production, resources, or inputs are what is used in the production process to produce output—that is, goods and services.The utilised amounts of the various inputs determine the quantity of output according to the relationship called the production function.
The ownership and organization of the social means of production is a key factor in categorizing and defining different types of economic systems. The means of production includes two broad categories of objects: instruments of labor (tools, factories, infrastructure, etc.) and subjects of labor (natural resources and raw materials).
Methods of control over the factors or means of production: this may include ownership of, or property rights to, the means of production and therefore may give rise to claims to the proceeds from production. The means of production may be owned privately, by the state, by those who use them, or be held in common.
Property rights theory is an exploration of how providing stakeholders with ownership of any factors of production or goods, not just land, will increase the efficiency of an economy as the gains from providing the rights exceed the costs. [20]
Land reform – Changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership; Land value tax – Levy on the unimproved value of land; Means of production – Inputs used in the production of goods and services with economic value; Magic: The Gathering#Luck vs. skill – Collectible card game; Property rights (economics) – Economics concept
A result and a criterion of success of the owner is profitability. The profitability of production is the share of the real process result the owner has been able to keep to himself in the income distribution process. Factors describing the production process are the components of profitability, i.e., returns and costs. They differ from the ...
However, property rights do not specifically mean private property rights and market economies do not logically presuppose the existence of private ownership of the means of production. Market economies can and often do include various types of cooperatives or autonomous state-owned enterprises that acquire capital goods and raw materials in ...
In recent models proposed by American neoclassical economists, public ownership of the means of production is achieved through public ownership of equity and social control of investment. The earliest models of neoclassical socialism were developed by Léon Walras, Enrico Barone (1908) [36] [37] [38] and Oskar R. Lange (c. 1936). [39]