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the third lens together with the second images the directions image on a 2-dimensional optical sensor (e.g., electronic camera). This simple arrangement is the basis for all conoscopic devices (conoscopes). It is not straight forward however to design and manufacture lens systems that combine the following features:
A conoscopic interference pattern or interference figure is a pattern of birefringent colours crossed by dark bands (or isogyres), which can be produced using a geological petrographic microscope for the purposes of mineral identification and investigation of mineral optical and chemical properties.
A particular light pattern on the upper lens surface of the objectives is created as a conoscopic interference pattern (or interference figure) characteristic of uniaxial and biaxial minerals, and produced with convergent polarized light. To observe the interference figure, true petrographic microscopes usually include an accessory called a ...
A petrographic microscope, which is an optical microscope fitted with cross-polarizing lenses, a conoscopic lens, and compensators (plates of anisotropic materials; gypsum plates and quartz wedges are common), for crystallographic analysis. Optical mineralogy is the study of minerals and rocks by measuring their optical properties.
In the conoscopic mode of observation, in the old days often realized with a polarizing microscope, a directions image is generated in the rear focal plane of the objective lens. [3] This directions image [4] is based on the same coordinates as the representation in the polar coordinate system shown in figs. 4 and 5.
These microscopes have polarizing plates, filters, and a conoscopic lens that allow the user to measure a variety of crystallographic properties. Another method for determining mineralogy is to use X-ray diffraction , in which a powdered sample is bombarded by X-rays, and the resultant spectrum of crystallographic orientations is compared to a ...
A phase telescope or Bertrand lens is an optical device used in aligning the various optical components of a light microscope.In particular it allows observation of the back focal plane of the objective lens and its conjugated focal planes.
The key component of a Pockels cell is a non-centrosymmetric single crystal with an optic axis whose refractive index is controlled by an external electric field.