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The expectancy theory of motivation explains the behavioral process of why individuals choose one behavioral option over the other. This theory explains that individuals can be motivated towards goals if they believe that there is a positive correlation between efforts and performance, the outcome of a favorable performance will result in a desirable reward, a reward from a performance will ...
The theory states an individual's motivation for a task can be derived with the following formula (in its simplest form): = where , the desire for a particular outcome, or self-efficacy is the probability of success, is the reward associated with the outcome, is the individual’s sensitivity to delay and is the time to complete that task.
The theory is based on four concepts: valence, expectancy, instrumentality and force. [28] Valence is the attractiveness of potential rewards, outcomes, or incentives. Expectancy is a person's belief that they will or will not be able to reach the desired outcome. Instrumentality is the belief that a strong performance will be well rewarded.
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Expectancy–value theory has been developed in many different fields including education, health, communications, marketing and economics. Although the model differs in its meaning and implications for each field, the general idea is that there are expectations as well as values or beliefs that affect subsequent behavior.
Expectancy theory states that whether a person is motivated to perform a certain behavior depends on the expected results of this behavior: the more positive the expected results are, the higher the motivation to engage in that behavior.
Bonner grouped them into Knowledge and personal involvement, cognitive processes, task variables, and environmental variables, abilities, intrinsic motivation, and other personal variables. [3] [4] Elements that are part of an incentive system: Monetary Compensation (e.g. bonuses, awards, profit-sharing, and incentive plans) [5]
E (Expectancy) = Belief that effort will result in desired level of performance; I (Instrumentality) = Belief that desired level of performance will result in desired outcome; V (Valence) = Value of the outcome to the employee [4] Expectancy theory has been shown to have useful applications in designing a reward system. If policies are ...