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Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs), also referred to as a hepatic panel or liver panel, are groups of blood tests that provide information about the state of a patient's liver. [1] These tests include prothrombin time (PT/INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), albumin , bilirubin (direct and indirect), and others.
The first edition contained 62 test categories and the second was updated to include 122 test categories. [2] The categories of tests include: general laboratory tests and disease-specific tests such as for hepatitis B and C, HIV, HPV, malaria, syphilis and tuberculosis.
Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water. [3] Hepatitis B is mainly sexually transmitted, but may also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth and spread through infected blood. [3] Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug ...
The full chapter can be found on pages 167 to 175 of Volume 1, which contains all (sub)categories of the ICD-9. Volume 2 is an alphabetical index of Volume 1. Both volumes can be downloaded for free from the website of the World Health Organization.
The proportion of AST to ALT in hepatocytes is about 2.5:1, but because AST is removed from serum by the liver sinusoidal cells twice as quickly (serum half-life t 1/2 = 18 hr) compared to ALT (t 1/2 = 36 hr), so the resulting serum levels of AST and ALT are about equal in healthy individuals, resulting in a normal AST/ALT ratio around 1.
In 10- to 22-year follow-up studies there were no cases of hepatitis B among those with a normal immune system who were vaccinated. Only rare chronic infections have been documented. [79] Vaccination is particularly recommended for high risk groups including: health workers, people with chronic kidney failure, and men who have sex with men.
Hepatitis A or infectious jaundice is caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV), a picornavirus transmitted by the fecal-oral route often associated with ingestion of contaminated food. It causes an acute form of hepatitis and does not have a chronic stage. A patient's immune system makes antibodies against HAV that confer immunity against future ...
Acute hepatitis B; Acute hepatitis C; Acute hepatitis D – this is a superinfection with the delta-agent in a patient already infected with hepatitis B; Acute hepatitis E; Chronic viral hepatitis; Other viral hepatitis viruses may exist but their relation to the disease is not firmly established like the previous ones (hepatitis F, GB virus C ...