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For example, a digital door lock with a 4-digit code (each digit having 10 possibilities, from 0 to 9) would have B (10, 4) solutions, with length 10 000. Therefore, only at most 10 000 + 3 = 10 003 (as the solutions are cyclic) presses are needed to open the lock, whereas trying all codes separately would require 4 × 10 000 = 40 000 presses.
The Luhn mod N algorithm generates a check digit (more precisely, a check character) within the same range of valid characters as the input string. For example, if the algorithm is applied to a string of lower-case letters (a to z), the check character will also be a lower-case letter.
A SWB generator is the basis for the RANLUX generator, [19] widely used e.g. for particle physics simulations. Maximally periodic reciprocals: 1992 R. A. J. Matthews [20] A method with roots in number theory, although never used in practical applications. KISS: 1993 G. Marsaglia [21] Prototypical example of a combination generator. Multiply ...
Drop the check digit from the number (if it's already present). This leaves the payload. Start with the payload digits. Moving from right to left, double every second digit, starting from the last digit. If doubling a digit results in a value > 9, subtract 9 from it (or sum its digits).
The above equations confirm that there are no other Kaprekar's constants than 495 and 6174. There are no Kaprekar numbers for 1, 2, 5, or 7 digits, since they do not satisfy any of equations (1)~(5). For six-digit numbers, there are two solutions that satisfy equations (1) and (2). [9]
For example, squaring the number "1111" yields "1234321", which can be written as "01234321", an 8-digit number being the square of a 4-digit number. This gives "2343" as the "random" number. Repeating this procedure gives "4896" as the next result, and so on. Von Neumann used 10 digit numbers, but the process was the same.
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Using a = 4 and c = 1 (bottom row) gives a cycle length of 9 with any seed in [0, 8]. A linear congruential generator (LCG) is an algorithm that yields a sequence of pseudo-randomized numbers calculated with a discontinuous piecewise linear equation. The method represents one of the oldest and best-known pseudorandom number generator algorithms.