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Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics.It deals with environments in which neither gravitational nor quantum effects can be ignored, [1] such as in the vicinity of black holes or similar compact astrophysical objects, as well as in the early stages of the universe moments after the Big Bang.
Cracking the Particle Code of the Universe: The Hunt for the Higgs Boson is a 2014 popular science book by Canadian physicist John Moffat.The first half of the book gives the reader an explanation of the particle physicists' Standard Model and the physical concepts associated with it, together with some possible alternatives to, and extensions of, the Standard Model.
In the Standard Model of particle physics, the Higgs mechanism is essential to explain the generation mechanism of the property "mass" for gauge bosons.Without the Higgs mechanism, all bosons (one of the two classes of particles, the other being fermions) would be considered massless, but measurements show that the W +, W −, and Z 0 bosons actually have relatively large masses of around 80 ...
When =, the source free equations reduce to Maxwell's equations without charge or current, and the above reduces to Maxwell's charge equation. This Proca field equation is closely related to the Klein–Gordon equation, because it is second order in space and time. In the vector calculus notation, the source free equations are:
A theory of quantum gravity is needed in order to reconcile these differences. [16] Whether this theory should be background-independent is an open question. The answer to this question will determine the understanding of what specific role gravitation plays in the fate of the universe.
More technically, the question is why the Higgs boson is so much lighter than the Planck mass (or the grand unification energy, or a heavy neutrino mass scale): one would expect that the large quantum contributions to the square of the Higgs boson mass would inevitably make the mass huge, comparable to the scale at which new physics appears ...
Depending on the gravitational and gauge parameters, they conclude that the fine structure constant might be asymptotically free and not run into a Landau pole, while the induced coupling for the gauge self-interaction is irrelevant and thus its value can be predicted. This is an explicit example where Asymptotic Safety solves a problem of the ...
This considerably complicates efforts to test string theory because there is an astronomically high number—10 500 or more—of configurations that meet some of the basic requirements to be consistent with our world. Along with the extreme remoteness of the Planck scale, this is the other major reason it is hard to test superstring theory.