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Example of saponification reaction of a triglyceride molecule (left) with potassium hydroxide (KOH) yielding glycerol (purple) and salts of fatty acids ().. Saponification value or saponification number (SV or SN) represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to saponify one gram of fat under the conditions specified.
Saponification is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali. Typically aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are used. [1] [2] It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis. When the carboxylate is long chain, its salt is called a soap. The saponification of ethyl acetate gives sodium acetate ...
They are organic chemicals and have a foamy quality when agitated in water and a high molecular weight. They are present in a wide range of plant species throughout the bark , leaves , stems, roots and flowers but particularly in soapwort (genus Saponaria ), a flowering plant, the soapbark tree ( Quillaja saponaria ), common corn-cockle ...
Although the pathogen causes major yield losses in the tropics and subtropics, it is currently a continuing threat in temperate climates. [2] Ralstonia solanacearum is a high-profile alien plant pathogen of A2 quarantine status affecting a very wide range of crops. This means that it is present in parts of Europe, but is under statutory control.
A wilt disease is any number of diseases that affect the vascular system of plants. Attacks by fungi, bacteria, and nematodes can cause rapid killing of plants, large tree branches or even entire trees. A pine tree with pine wilt. Wilt diseases in woody plants tend to fall into two major categories, those that start with the branches and those ...
Lesions caused by the plant hypersensitive response HR is commonly thought of as an effective defence strategy against biotrophic plant pathogens , which require living tissue to gain nutrients . In the case of necrotrophic pathogens , HR might even be beneficial to the pathogen , as they require dead plant cells to obtain nutrients .
Most bacteria associated with plants are saprotrophic and do no harm to the plant itself. However, a small number, around 100 known species, cause disease, especially in subtropical and tropical regions of the world. [15] [page needed] Most plant pathogenic bacteria are bacilli. Erwinia uses cell wall–degrading enzymes to cause soft rot.
The rhizosphere is the thin area of soil immediately surrounding the root system. It is a densely populated area in which the roots compete with invading root systems of neighboring plant species for space, water, and mineral nutrients as well as form positive and negative relationships with soil-borne microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and insects.