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As a result, the GLUT-4 protein channels become embedded into the membrane, allowing glucose to be transported into the cell. The actions of insulin on the global human metabolism level include: Increase of cellular intake of certain substances, most prominently glucose in muscle and adipose tissue (about two-thirds of body cells) [71]
[2] [9] The beta cells can still secrete insulin but the body has developed a resistance and its response to insulin has declined. [4] It is believed to be due to the decline of specific receptors on the surface of the liver , adipose , and muscle cells which lose their ability to respond to insulin that circulates in the blood.
When insulin binds to the insulin receptor, it leads to a cascade of cellular processes that promote the usage or, in some cases, the storage of glucose in the cell. The effects of insulin vary depending on the tissue involved, e.g., insulin is most important in the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue. [2]
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by insufficient or non-existent production of insulin, while type 2 is primarily due to a decreased response to insulin in the tissues of the body (insulin resistance). Both types of diabetes, if untreated, result in too much glucose remaining in the blood (hyperglycemia) and many of the same complications.
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase. [5] Metabolically, the insulin receptor plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; a functional process that under degenerate conditions may result in a range of clinical manifestations including diabetes and cancer.
Tests in mouse models of diabetes suggests that an experimental drug could help 'regrow' insulin-producing beta cells, thereby reversing the disease. Could an experimental drug fight diabetes by ...
However, pentamidine is suspected to work through various methods of interference of critical functions in DNA, RNA, phospholipid and protein synthesis. [ 8 ] [ 18 ] Pentamidine binds to adenine - thymine -rich regions of the Trypanosoma parasite DNA, forming a cross-link between two adenines four to five base pairs apart.
n/a Ensembl n/a n/a UniProt n a n/a RefSeq (mRNA) n/a n/a RefSeq (protein) n/a n/a Location (UCSC) n/a n/a PubMed search n/a n/a Wikidata View/Edit Human Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body. It is also used as a medication ...