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The male parent of a horse, a stallion, is commonly known as the sire and the female parent, the mare, is called the dam. [1] Both are genetically important, as each parent genes can be existent with a 50% probability in the foal. Contrary to popular misuse, "colt" refers to a young male horse only; "filly" is a young female.
A yearling is a young horse either male or female that is between one and two years old. [1] Yearlings are comparable in development to a very early adolescent and are not fully mature physically. While they may be in the earliest stages of sexual maturity, they are considered too young to be breeding stock. [2]
After a horse is one year old, it is no longer a foal, and is a "yearling". There are no special age-related terms for young horses older than yearlings. When young horses reach breeding maturity, the terms change: a filly over three (four in horse racing) is called a mare, and a colt over three is called a stallion.
A mare is an adult female horse or other equine. [1] In most cases, a mare is a female horse over the age of three, and a filly is a female horse three and younger. In Thoroughbred horse racing , a mare is defined as a female horse more than four years old.
A filly is a female horse that is too young to be called a mare.There are two specific definitions in use: In most cases, a filly is a female horse under four years old.; In some nations, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, the world of horse racing sets the cutoff age for fillies as five.
Similarly, a yearling is a horse of either sex between the ages of one and two. A young female horse is called a filly, and a mare once she is an adult animal. In horse racing, particularly for Thoroughbreds in the United Kingdom, a colt is defined as an uncastrated male from the age of two up to and including the age of four. [3]
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A well-designed mating increases the probability of the offspring's success, although many other factors also come into play. Many thoroughbred breeding theories are implemented from other animal breeding stock practices, such as the use of inbreeding to "fix a type". Some breeding theories are qualitative, relying on judgement.