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  2. Object copying - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_copying

    In object-oriented programming, object copying is the act of creating and initializing a new object based on an existing object's state. The various ways to implement copy have implications that a programmer needs to understand in order to write a computer program that is correct and performant. Copying allows for the emergent state of the ...

  3. Closure (computer programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(computer_programming)

    Not to be confused with the programming language Clojure. In programming languages, a closure, also lexical closure or function closure, is a technique for implementing lexically scoped name binding in a language with first-class functions. Operationally, a closure is a record storing a function [ a ] together with an environment. [ 1 ]

  4. Instance variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instance_variable

    An instance variable is a variable which is declared in a class but outside of constructors, methods, or blocks. Instance variables are created when an object is instantiated, and are accessible to all the constructors, methods, or blocks in the class. Access modifiers can be given to the instance variable. An instance variable is not a class ...

  5. Foreach loop - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreach_loop

    t. e. In computer programming, foreach loop (or for-each loop) is a control flow statement for traversing items in a collection. foreach is usually used in place of a standard for loop statement. Unlike other for loop constructs, however, foreach loops [ 1 ] usually maintain no explicit counter: they essentially say "do this to everything in ...

  6. Marshalling (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalling_(computer_science)

    In Python, the term "marshal" is used for a specific type of "serialization" in the Python standard library [2] – storing internal python objects: The marshal module exists mainly to support reading and writing the “pseudo-compiled” code for Python modules of .pyc files. … If you’re serializing and de-serializing Python objects, use ...

  7. Immutable object - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immutable_object

    In object-oriented (OO) and functional programming, an immutable object (unchangeable [ 1 ] object) is an object whose state cannot be modified after it is created. [ 2 ] This is in contrast to a mutable object (changeable object), which can be modified after it is created. [ 3 ] In some cases, an object is considered immutable even if some ...

  8. Forwarding (object-oriented programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forwarding_(object...

    Forwarding (object-oriented programming) In object-oriented programming, forwarding means that using a member of an object (either a property or a method) results in actually using the corresponding member of a different object: the use is forwarded to another object. Forwarding is used in a number of design patterns, where some members are ...

  9. Abstract syntax tree - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree

    Abstract syntax tree. An abstract syntax tree (AST) is a data structure used in computer science to represent the structure of a program or code snippet. It is a tree representation of the abstract syntactic structure of text (often source code) written in a formal language. Each node of the tree denotes a construct occurring in the text.