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[2] Host-guest interaction has raised dramatical attention since it was discovered. It is an important field, because many biological processes require the host-guest interaction, and it can be useful in some material designs. There are several typical host molecules, such as, cyclodextrin, crown ether, et al.
Matrix isolation is an experimental technique used in chemistry and physics. It generally involves a material being trapped within an unreactive matrix. A host matrix is a continuous solid phase in which guest particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) are embedded. The guest is said to be isolated within the host matrix.
Computer models of CB[5], CB[6], and CB[7]. Top row is the view into the cavity and the bottom is the side view. In host–guest chemistry, cucurbiturils are macrocyclic molecules made of glycoluril (=C 4 H 2 N 4 O 2 =) monomers linked by methylene bridges (−CH 2 −).
Static molecular recognition is likened to the interaction between a key and a keyhole; it is a 1:1 type complexation reaction between a host molecule and a guest molecule to form a host–guest complex. To achieve advanced static molecular recognition, it is necessary to make recognition sites that are specific for guest molecules.
Coordination cages are used to study guest-guest and host–guest interactions and reactions. In some instance, planar aromatic molecules stack inside of metalloprisms, as can be observed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Metal-metal interactions can also be observed. [15] Mixed valence species have also been trapped inside of coordination cages. [15]
One famous intercalation host is graphite, which intercalates potassium as a guest. [3] Intercalation expands the van der Waals gap between sheets, which requires energy. Usually this energy is supplied by charge transfer between the guest and the host solid, i.e., redox. Two potassium graphite compounds are KC 8 and KC 24.
The success of Bakelite spurred scientific investigations into the chemistry of the phenol/formaldehyde reaction. One result was the discovery made in 1942 by Alois Zinke , that p-alkyl phenols and formaldehyde in a strongly basic solution yield mixtures containing cyclic tetramers.
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