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The pronoun and adjective każdy means "each, every", while żaden means "no, none". For full information on the declension of the above pronouns, see Pronouns in the article on Polish morphology. When the referent of a pronoun is a person of unspecified sex, the masculine form of the pronoun is generally used.
The morphology of the Polish language is characterised by a fairly regular system of inflection (conjugation and declension) as well as word formation.Certain regular or common alternations apply across the Polish morphological system, affecting word formation and inflection of various parts of speech.
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Polish on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Polish in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them.
Polish orthography is the system of writing the Polish language. The language is written using the Polish alphabet, which derives from the Latin alphabet , but includes some additional letters with diacritics .
The Polish alphabet (Polish: alfabet polski, abecadło) is the script of the Polish language, the basis for the Polish system of orthography. It is based on the Latin alphabet but includes certain letters (9) with diacritics : the acute accent – kreska : ć, ń, ó, ś, ź ; the overdot – kropka : ż ; the tail or ogonek – ą, ę ; and ...
Polish orthography is largely phonemic—there is a consistent correspondence between letters (or digraphs and trigraphs) and phonemes (for exceptions see below). The letters of the alphabet and their normal phonemic values are listed in the following table. The Jakub Wujek Bible in Polish, 1599 print. The letters á and é were subsequently ...
However, most common is a realization that of Standard Polish. Similarly, ś, ź, ć, and dź may be realized in many ways. Most commonly they are realized as in Standard Polish: siano (siano); they may sometimes harden to szi, żi, czi, and dżi or sz, ż, cz: sziano, szano (siano), and dż, or least commonly kaszubienie may occur: sano (siano).
Polish, like other Slavic languages, permits complex consonant clusters, which often arose from the disappearance of yers (see § Historical development above). Polish can have word-initial and word-medial clusters of up to four consonants, whereas word-final clusters can have up to five consonants. [ 83 ]