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Compare this to the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, which reduces FAD + to produce FADH 2, donates electrons to the quinone pool in the electron transport chain, and is capable of generating only 2 ATPs per NADH generated in glycolysis (ultimately resulting in a net gain of 36 ATPs per glucose metabolized).
The glycerol phosphate shuttle was first characterized as a major route of mitochondrial hydride transport in the flight muscles of blow flies. [5] [6] It was initially believed that the system would be inactive in mammals due to the predominance of lactate dehydrogenase activity over glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) [5] [7] until high GPD1 and GPD2 activity were demonstrated in ...
The two main systems in humans are the glycerol phosphate shuttle and the malate-aspartate shuttle. The malate/a-ketoglutarate antiporter functions move electrons while the aspartate/glutamate antiporter moves amino groups. This allows the mitochondria to receive the substrates that it needs for its functionality in an efficient manner. [1]
They are the malate-aspartate shuttle and the glycerol phosphate shuttle. In the former the electrons from NADH are transferred to cytosolic oxaloacetate to form malate. The malate then traverses the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix, where it is reoxidized by NAD + forming intra-mitochondrial oxaloacetate and NADH. The ...
20512 Ensembl ENSG00000079215 ENSMUSG00000005360 UniProt P43003 P56564 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001166695 NM_001166696 NM_001289939 NM_001289940 NM_004172 NM_148938 RefSeq (protein) NP_001160167 NP_001160168 NP_001276868 NP_001276869 NP_004163 NP_683740 Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 36.6 – 36.69 Mb Chr 15: 8.66 – 8.74 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Excitatory amino acid ...
Many MC proteins preferentially catalyze the exchange of one solute for another ().A variety of these substrate carrier proteins, which are involved in energy transfer, have been found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and other eukaryotic organelles such as the peroxisome and facilitate the transport of inorganic ions, nucleotides, amino acids, keto acids and cofactors across the membrane.
1.2 Recruited reaction steps of the citric acid cycle and malate aspartate shuttle 1.3 Reaction steps from malate to pyruvate and lactate 2 Intracellular compartmentalization of the glutaminolytic pathway
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible redox conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a.k.a. glycerone phosphate, outdated) to sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. [2] Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase serves as a major link between carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism.