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The alkali denaturation test, also known as A or Apt test, is a medical test used to differentiate fetal or neonatal blood from maternal blood found in a newborn's stool or vomit, or from maternal vaginal blood.
The following have been identified as risk factors for placenta previa: Previous placenta previa (recurrence rate 4–8%), [13] caesarean delivery, [14] myomectomy [10] or endometrium damage caused by D&C. [13] Women who are younger than 20 are at higher risk and women older than 35 are at increasing risk as they get older.
Anatomy scan image of a human placenta and umbilical cord (colour Doppler rendering) showing central placement of the cord in the placenta and three vessels in the cord, which is the normal physiology. A standard anatomy scan typically includes: [4] Fetal number, including number of amnionic sacs and chorionic sacs for multiple gestations
Obstetrical hemorrhage may be due to a number of factors such as placenta previa, uterine rupture or tears, uterine atony, retained placenta or placental fragments, or bleeding disorders. [71] Puerperal sepsis is an ascending infection of the genital tract. [72] It may happen during or after labour.
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]
Besides placenta previa and placental abruption, uterine rupture can occur, which is a very serious condition leading to internal or external bleeding. Bleeding from the fetus is rare, but may occur with two conditions called vasa previa and velamentous umbilical cord insertion where the fetal blood vessels lie near the placental insertion site unprotected by Wharton's jelly of the cord. [11]
An impaired placenta cannot support the pregnancy and this may lead to the loss of a chromosomally normal baby. [5] On the other hand, an apparently normal diploid fetus may experience problems with growth or development due to the effects of uniparental disomy (UPD).
A different review found that preterm births happened less for pregnant women who had routine testing for low genital tract infections than for women who only had testing when they showed symptoms of low genital tract infections. [76] The women being routinely tested also gave birth to fewer babies with a low birth weight.