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Ancient cloud studies were not made in isolation, but were observed in combination with other weather elements and even other natural sciences. Around 340 BC, Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote Meteorologica , a work which represented the sum of knowledge of the time about natural science, including weather and climate.
Cloud decks in parallel bands of latitude at and below the tropopause alternately composed of ammonia crystals and ammonium hydrosulfate. Cirriform Bands of cloud resembling cirrus located mainly in the highest of three main layers that cover Jupiter. [28] Stratiform and stratocumuliform Wave and haze clouds that are seen mostly in the middle ...
Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, surrounding Earth in a visibly blue layer at the stratosphere, above the clouds of the troposphere, when seen from space on board the ISS at an altitude of 335 km (208 mi) (the Moon is visible as a crescent in the far background).
the cloud IR emissivity, with values between 0 and 1, with a global average around 0.7; the effective cloud amount, the cloud amount weighted by the cloud IR emissivity, with a global average of 0.5; the cloud (visible) optical depth varies within a range of 4 and 10. the cloud water path for the liquid and solid (ice) phases of the cloud particles
Some interstellar clouds are cold and tend to give out electromagnetic radiation of large wavelengths. A map of the abundance of these molecules can be made, enabling an understanding of the varying composition of the clouds. In hot clouds, there are often ions of many elements, whose spectra can be seen in visible and ultraviolet light.
Red coloured clouds are the highest, green and blue are below. Carbon dioxide and monoxide areas are absorbing infrared signatures. Venusian clouds are thick and are composed mainly (75–96%) of sulfuric acid droplets. [51] These clouds obscure the surface of Venus from optical imaging, and reflect about 75% [52] of the sunlight that falls on ...
The water clouds form the densest layer of clouds and have the strongest influence on the dynamics of the atmosphere. This is a result of the higher condensation heat of water and higher water abundance as compared to the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide (oxygen is a more abundant chemical element than either nitrogen or sulfur). [14]
Difference of dust and water clouds: the orange cloud at the center of the image is a large dust cloud, the other white polar clouds are water clouds. Detail of a Martian dust storm, as viewed from orbit A 700 kilometer long dust storm front (marked by the red arrow) as viewed from orbit at different angles. The red circle of Martian terrain is ...