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Vaginal estrogen is a form of estrogen that is delivered by intravaginal administration. Vaginally administered estrogens are thereby exerting their effects mainly in the nearby tissue, with more limited systemic effects compared to orally administered estrogens. [ 1 ]
Experts call vaginal estrogen "the holy grail" for its effectiveness in improving vulvar or vaginal itching and burning, painful sex and recurring UTIs.
Estrogens such as estradiol appear to improve sexual desire and function in women. [275] [276] However, the available evidence overall does not support the use of estradiol and other estrogens for improving sexual desire and function in women as of 2016. [276] An exception is the use of estrogens to treat vaginal atrophy. [276]
Estrone is an estrogen, specifically an agonist of the estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ. [5] [44] It is a far less potent estrogen than is estradiol, and as such is a relatively weak estrogen. [5] [44] Given by subcutaneous injection in mice, estradiol is about 10-fold more potent than estrone and about 100-fold more potent than estriol. [45]
[16] [17] Estrogen helps maintain a thick, glycogen-rich vaginal lining, which healthy bacteria use to produce lactic acid to keep the vaginal environment acidic, reducing infection risks. [16] In premenopausal women, the main form of estrogen is called estradiol and fluctuates between 40 and 200 pg/mL, rising to 600 pg/mL during ovulation. [ 16 ]
Estradiol is an estrogen, or an agonist of the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). [1] [2] [6] In one study, the EC 50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration value of estradiol for the human ERα was 50 pM (0.05 nM) and for the human ERβ was 200 pM (0.2 nM).
Hypoestrogenism, or estrogen deficiency, refers to a lower than normal level of estrogen. It is an umbrella term used to describe estrogen deficiency in various conditions. Estrogen deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, [1] and has been linked to diseases like urinary tract infections [2] and osteoporosis.
[9] [8] As such, it is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors. [8] [9] Estradiol acetate is of about 15% higher molecular weight than estradiol due to the presence of its C3 acetate ester. [3] Because estradiol acetate is a prodrug of estradiol, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen. [9] [10]
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