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Terms of reference (TOR) define the purpose and structures of a project, committee, meeting, negotiation, or any similar collection of people who have agreed to work together to accomplish a shared goal. [1] [2] Terms of reference show how the object in question will be defined, developed, and verified.
In logic and semantics, the term statement is variously understood to mean either: a meaningful declarative sentence that is true or false, [citation needed] or; a proposition. Which is the assertion that is made by (i.e., the meaning of) a true or false declarative sentence. [1] [2]
As the study of argument is of clear importance to the reasons that we hold things to be true, logic is of essential importance to rationality. Arguments may be logical if they are "conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity", [1] while they are rational according to the broader requirement that they are based on reason and knowledge.
A fallacy is an incorrect argument or a faulty form of reasoning. This means that the premises provide no or not sufficient support for the conclusion. Fallacies often appear to be correct on the first impression and thereby seduce people into accepting and using them. In logic, the term "fallacy" does not mean that the conclusion is false.
A proposition is logically true if its truth depends only on the logical vocabulary used in it. This means that it is true in all possible worlds and under all interpretations of its non-logical terms, like the claim "either it is raining, or it is not". [15] These two definitions of formal logic are not identical, but they are closely related.
Logical, rational or general grammar was the dominant approach to language until it was supplanted by romanticism. [3] Since then, there have been attempts to revive logical grammar. The idea is today at least partially represented by categorial grammar , formal semantics , and transcendental phenomenology ,
The original meaning of the horos (and also of the Latin terminus) is "extreme" or "boundary". The two terms lie on the outside of the proposition, joined by the act of affirmation or denial. For early modern logicians like Arnauld (whose Port-Royal Logic was the best-known text of his day), it is a psychological entity like an "idea" or "concept".
In an ideal formal language, the meaning of a logical form can be determined unambiguously from syntax alone. Logical forms are semantic, not syntactic constructs; therefore, there may be more than one string that represents the same logical form in a given language. [1] The logical form of an argument is called the argument form of the argument.