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The density of quartz is around 2.65 g/cm 3 but the (dry) bulk density of a mineral soil is normally about half that density, between 1.0 and 1.6 g/cm 3. In contrast, soils rich in soil organic carbon and some friable clays tend to have lower bulk densities ( <1.0 g/cm 3 ) due to a combination of the low-density of the organic materials ...
Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]
where is the void ratio, is the porosity, V V is the volume of void-space (gases and liquids), V S is the volume of solids, and V T is the total (or bulk) volume. This figure is relevant in composites , in mining (particular with regard to the properties of tailings ), and in soil science .
K D = around 10 for artificial interlocking concrete blocks; S r = (ρ r / ρ w is the relative density of rock, i.e. (ρ r / ρ w - 1) = around 1.58 for granite in sea water; ρ r and ρ w are the densities of rock and (sea)water (-) θ is the angle of revetment with the horizontal
A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used in geology, civil engineering, [1] and chemical engineering [2] to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction ...
Mass concrete is defined by American Concrete Institute Committee 207 as "any volume of concrete with dimensions large enough to require that measures be taken to cope with the generation of heat from the hydration of cement and attendant volume change to minimize cracking."
The sum of the number of blows required for the second and third 15 cm (6 in) intervals of penetration is termed the "standard penetration resistance" or the "N-value". N-value provides an indication of the density of the ground, and it is used in many empirical geotechnical engineering formulae.
The test is carried out using a metal mould in the shape of a conical frustum known as a slump cone or Abrams cone, that is open at both ends and has attached handles.The tool typically has an internal diameter of 100 millimetres (3.9 in) at the top and of 200 millimetres (7.9 in) at the bottom with a height of 305 millimetres (12.0 in).The cone is placed on a hard non-absorbent surface.