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In 1989 the very first commercially available off the shelf instrument procedure design software (Wavionix) conforming to ICAO document 8168 Pans-Ops was programmed by Ian Whitworth. This software was first demonstrated at Bailbrook College in Bath, England in 1992 to a procedure design course. Prior to this all procedure design was done with ...
RNP procedures were introduced in the PANS-OPS (ICAO Doc 8168), which became applicable in 1998. These RNP procedures were the predecessor of the current PBN concept, whereby the performance for operation on the route is defined (in lieu of flight elements such as flyover procedures, variability in flight paths, and added airspace buffer), but they resulted in no significant design advantages.
An "approach plate" depicting an instrument approach procedure for an ILS approach to Tacoma Narrows Airport in the United StatesIn aviation, an instrument approach or instrument approach procedure (IAP) is a series of predetermined maneuvers for the orderly transfer of an aircraft operating under instrument flight rules from the beginning of the initial approach to a landing, or to a point ...
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) classifies aircraft by their indicated airspeed at runway threshold (V at, [1]: II-5-1-3 also known as approach speed or V REF). The categories are as follows: [1]: II-5-1-3 Category A: less than 169 km/h (91 kt) indicated airspeed (IAS)
ICAO: Non-discrete mode A code reserved use in mode S radar/ADS-B environment where the aircraft identification will be used to correlate the flight plan instead of the mode A code. [1] US: Used exclusively by ADS-B aircraft to inhibit mode 3A transmission. [3] US: Non-discrete code assignments in accordance with FAA Order JO 7110.65, 5-2.
For aircraft holding purposes, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) mandates that all turns should be made, "at a bank angle of 25° or at a rate of 3° per second, whichever requires the lesser bank." [4] By the above formula, a rate-one turn at a TAS greater than 180 knots would require a bank angle of more than 25 ...
The ICAO format has already been in use for all domestic flight plans in Canada, Mexico and many other countries for a number of years. Regardless of the form used, air traffic controllers (ATC) issue clearances based on filed equipment codes, therefore it is important for pilots to use the appropriate coding.
A standard holding pattern. Shown are the entry (green), the holding fix (red) and the holding pattern itself (blue) In aviation, holding (or flying a hold) is a maneuver designed to delay an aircraft already in flight while keeping it within a specified airspace; i.e. "going in circles."