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Supercooling, [1] also known as undercooling, [2] [3] is the process of lowering the temperature of a liquid below its freezing point without it becoming a solid.
In condensed matter physics and physical chemistry, the terms viscous liquid, supercooled liquid, and glass forming liquid are often used interchangeably to designate liquids that are at the same time highly viscous (see Viscosity of amorphous materials), can be or are supercooled, and able to form a glass.
In many cases, liquids and solutions can be cooled down or concentrated up to conditions where the liquid or solution is significantly less thermodynamically stable than the crystal, but where no crystals will form for minutes, hours, weeks or longer; this process is called supercooling. Nucleation of the crystal is then being prevented by a ...
For perceptible growth rates, this mechanism requires a finite driving force (or degree of supercooling) in order to lower the nucleation barrier sufficiently for nucleation to occur by means of thermal fluctuations. [5] In the theory of crystal growth from the melt, Burton and Cabrera have distinguished between two major mechanisms: [6] [7] [8]
The term subcooling (also called undercooling) refers to the intentional process of cooling a liquid below its normal boiling point.For example, water boils at 373 K; at room temperature (293 K) liquid water is termed "subcooled".
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Water is a polar molecule, where the centers of positive and negative charge are separated; so molecules will align with an electric field.The extensive hydrogen bonded network in water tends to oppose this alignment, and the degree of alignment is measured by the relative permittivity.