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A cystocele protruding through the vagina in a 73-year-old woman. The cystocele, also known as a prolapsed bladder, is a medical condition in which a woman's bladder bulges into her vagina. [1] [5] Some may have no symptoms. [6] Others may have trouble starting urination, urinary incontinence, or frequent urination. [1]
For posterior vaginal repair, the use of mesh or graft material does not seem to provide any benefits. [14] Compared to native tissue repair, transvaginal permanent mesh likely reduces the perception of vaginal prolapse sensation, the risk of recurrent prolapse, and of having repeat surgery specifically only for prolapse.
It is the surgical intervention for both cystocele (protrusion of the urinary bladder into the vagina) and rectocele (protrusion of the rectum into the vagina). [citation needed] The repair may be to either or both of the anterior (front) or posterior (rear) vaginal walls, thus the origin of some of its alternative names. [1] [2] [3]
Rectocele also tends to occur with other forms of pelvic organ prolapse, such as enterocele, sigmoidocele and cystocele. [1] Although the term applies most often to this condition in females, males can also develop it. Rectoceles in men are uncommon, and associated with prostatectomy.
Vaginal inclusion cysts can appear as small bumps and can develop during childbirth, or after surgery. [8] A squamous inclusion cyst can rarely be found in a newborn. [7] Other cysts can be Bartholin's cysts, Gartner's duct cysts, mucous inclusions, epithelial inclusion cysts, embryonic cysts and urothelial cysts.
A rectal prolapse occurs when walls of the rectum have prolapsed to such a degree that they protrude out of the anus and are visible outside the body. [2] However, most researchers agree that there are 3 to 5 different types of rectal prolapse, depending on whether the prolapsed section is visible externally, and whether the full or only partial thickness of the rectal wall is involved.
The enterocele can remain confined in the space between the rectum and the vagina. [5] An enterocele may co-exist with a rectocele. [5] During defecation, the enterocele may occupy a posterior colpocele before the rectocele or after it empties. [5] An enterocele may also co-exist with a cystocele. [5]
More recently, evolutionary medicine has identified many medical symptoms such as fever, inflammation, sickness behavior, and morning sickness as evolved adaptations that function as darwinian medicatrix naturae due to their selection as means to protect, heal, or restore the injured, infected or physiologically disrupted body.