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A better estimate is provided by the total area of the cross-sections perpendicular to the muscle fibers (green lines in figure 1). This measure is known as the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), and is commonly calculated and defined by the following formula, developed in 1975 by Alexander and Vernon: [4] [5] [6]
is the standard tension, when the tape is the correct length, often 50 newtons; newtons; L is the measured or erroneous length of the line; meters A is the cross-sectional area of the tape; square centimeters; E is the modulus of elasticity of the tape material; newtons per square centimeter;
A standardised measuring tape is used to ascertain the mid-upper arm circumference of a child. The anthropometric measures of the upper arm are divided into principal measures, which are measured directly, and derived measures, which are derived from the principal measures using specific formulae and empirically-derived corrections.
In a general physics context, sectional density is defined as: = [2] SD is the sectional density; M is the mass of the projectile; A is the cross-sectional area; The SI derived unit for sectional density is kilograms per square meter (kg/m 2). The general formula with units then becomes:
Image of a helium-4 nucleus; 4 He has a very small cross-section, less than 0.01 barn.. During Manhattan Project research on the atomic bomb during World War II, American physicists Marshall Holloway and Charles P. Baker were working at Purdue University on a project using a particle accelerator to measure the cross sections of certain nuclear reactions.
In cardiology, aortic valve area calculation is an indirect method of determining the area of the aortic valve of the heart. The calculated aortic valve orifice area is currently one of the measures for evaluating the severity of aortic stenosis. A valve area of less than 1.0 cm 2 is considered to be severe aortic stenosis. [1] [2]
where is the heat flow, is the thermal conductivity, is the cross sectional area and / is the temperature gradient in the direction of flow. From considerations of conservation of energy, the heat flow between the two bodies in contact, bodies A and B, is found as:
The Knudsen number is a dimensionless number defined as =, where = mean free path [L 1], = representative physical length scale [L 1].. The representative length scale considered, , may correspond to various physical traits of a system, but most commonly relates to a gap length over which thermal transport or mass transport occurs through a gas phase.