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Benzatropine , [2] known as benztropine in the United States and Japan, [3] is a medication used to treat movement disorders like parkinsonism and dystonia, as well as extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics, including akathisia. [4] It is not useful for tardive dyskinesia. [4] It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein or muscle. [4]
Benztropine: M1-selective PD; EPS caused by typical and atypical antipsychotics; Reduces the effects of the relative central cholinergic excess that occurs as a result of dopamine deficiency. Cogentin Cyclopentolate: NS: produce mydriasis and cycloplegia in diagnostics [5] may cause ocular hypertension [5] Short acting, CD [5] Diphenhydramine: NS
Pimobendan is indicated for the management of the signs of mild, moderate, or severe congestive heart failure in dogs due to clinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); [1] [7] and for use with concurrent therapy for congestive heart failure (e.g.,furosemide, etc.) as appropriate on a case-by-case basis. [1]
Anticholinergics (anticholinergic agents) are substances that block the action of the acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter at synapses in the central and peripheral nervous system. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] These agents inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system by selectively blocking the binding of ACh to its receptor in nerve cells .
The exact mechanism of action in parkinsonian syndromes is not precisely understood, but it is known that trihexyphenidyl blocks efferent impulses in parasympathetically innervated structures like smooth muscles (spasmolytic activity), salivary glands, and eyes . In higher doses direct central inhibition of cerebral motor centers may contribute.
Brain death is observed first. Breathing generally stops within seconds. However, euthanasia may be delayed in dogs that have deficient cardiac and circulatory function. [2] The pentobarbital component produces anaesthesia and rapid unconsciousness. A lethal dose causes loss of medullary respiration and vasomotor function.
Side effects in dogs and cats include hypersalivation, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and vomiting. [12] [16] Eight percent of dogs taking maropitant at doses meant to prevent motion sickness vomited right after, likely due to the local effects maropitant had on the gastrointestinal tract. Small amounts of food beforehand can prevent such post ...
Cabergoline requires slow dose titration (2–4 weeks for hyperprolactinemia, often much longer for other conditions) to minimize side effects. The extremely long bioavailability of the medication may complicate dosing regimens during titration and require particular precautions.
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