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The black rat is a reservoir host for bubonic plague. The rat fleas that infest the rats are vectors for the disease. In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; [1] whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest . The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter.
The parasite requires two different hosts for a complete life cycle, humans as the definitive host and sandflies as the intermediate host. In some parts of the world other mammals, especially canines, act as reservoir hosts. In human cell they exist as small, spherical and unflagellated amastigote form; while they are elongated with flagellum ...
A reservoir is usually a living host of a certain species, such as an animal or a plant, inside of which a pathogen survives, often (though not always) without causing disease for the reservoir itself. By some definitions a reservoir may also be an environment external to an organism, such as a volume of contaminated air or water. [1] [2]
The life cycle of schistosomes includes two hosts: humans as definitive hosts, where the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction, and snails as intermediate hosts, where a series of asexual reproduction takes place. S. mansoni is transmitted through water, where freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria act as intermediate hosts. The larvae ...
[6] [7] Manson proposed the snail as an intermediate host and various Japanese scientists detailed the whole life cycle in the snail between 1916 and 1922. [8] The species name P. westermani was named after Pieter Westerman (1859–1925), a zookeeper who noted the trematode in a Bengal tiger in an Amsterdam Zoo[Artis]. [9]
The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, are mollusks and usually a snail. The definitive host, where the flukes sexually reproduce , is a vertebrate . [ 1 ] Infection by trematodes can cause disease in all five traditional vertebrate classes: mammals , birds , amphibians , reptiles , and fish .
Intermediate hosts of F. hepatica are air-breathing freshwater snails from the family Lymnaeidae. Although several lymnaeid species susceptible to F. hepatica have been described, the parasite develops only in one or two major species on each continent. Galba truncatula is the main snail host in Europe, partly in Asia, Africa, and South America.
Echinostoma is a genus of trematodes (flukes), which can infect both humans and other animals.These intestinal flukes have a three-host life cycle with snails or other aquatic organisms as intermediate hosts, [2] and a variety of animals, including humans, as their definitive hosts.